JAMB Physics syllabus.

About this syllabus official

Summarised from the examining body's own published syllabus. 41 topics, verified 2026-10-24.

Current UTME syllabus as served by IBASS on 2026-10-24; JAMB does not print the applicable years in this document.

Structure (sections, topics, contents and objectives) summarised from JAMB's publicly published UTME syllabus, with citation and link. The document itself is not reproduced or redistributed.

Source: https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/static/media/Physics.16527a294cb7e7a87a35.pdf

Source: https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/e-syllabus

General objectives

• sustain interest in physics
• develop attitudes relevant to physics that encourage accuracy, precision and objectivity
• interpret physical phenomena, laws, definitions, concepts and other theories
• demonstrate the ability to solve physics problems correctly using relevant theories and concepts

Topics

1. Measurements and units (SS 1-3)

• fundamental units: length, mass, time, electric charge, temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance
• derived units: weight, area, volume, force, speed etc.
• measuring instruments: vernier caliper, metre rule, micrometer screw gauge, measuring cylinder, stop watch, beam balance
• fundamental physical quantities
• derived physical quantities and their units
• dimensions: definition and simple examples
• limitations of experimental measurements: accuracy of instruments, simple estimation of errors, significant figures, standard form

You should be able to:

• identify the units of length, area and volume
• use different measuring instruments
• determine the lengths, surface areas and volumes of regular and irregular bodies
• identify the unit of mass
• use a simple beam balance, e.g. Buchart's balance and chemical balance
• identify the unit of time and use time-measuring devices
• relate fundamental physical quantities to their units
• deduce the units of derived physical quantities
• determine the dimensions of physical quantities and use them to determine units
• test the homogeneity of an equation
• determine the accuracy of measuring instruments
• estimate simple errors
• express measurements in standard form

2. Scalars and vectors (SS 1-3)

• definition and examples of scalar and vector quantities
• relative velocity
• resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions, including graphical methods

You should be able to:

• distinguish between scalar and vector quantities
• give examples of scalar and vector quantities
• determine the resultant of two or more vectors
• determine relative velocity
• resolve vectors into two perpendicular components
• use graphical methods to solve vector problems

3. Measurement, position, distance and displacement (SS 1-3)

• concept of displacement
• distinction between distance and displacement
• concept of position and coordinates
• frame of reference

You should be able to:

• use strings, metre rule, engineering calipers, vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge
• note the degree of accuracy
• identify distance travelled in a specified direction
• use compass and protractor to locate points/directions
• use Cartesian systems to locate positions in the x-y plane
• plot graphs and draw inferences from them

4. Motion (SS 1-3)

• Newton's laws of motion: inertia, mass and force; mass and acceleration; impulse and momentum; force-time graph; conservation of linear momentum (coefficient of restitution not necessary)
• types of motion: translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin, random
• relative motion
• causes of motion
• types of force: contact, force field
• linear motion: speed, velocity, acceleration; equations of uniformly accelerated motion; motion under gravity; distance-time and velocity-time graphs; instantaneous velocity and acceleration
• projectiles: range, maximum height and time of flight from the ground and from a height; applications
• motion in a circle: angular velocity and acceleration; centripetal and centrifugal forces; applications
• simple harmonic motion: definition, examples, period, frequency, amplitude, velocity and acceleration; energy change; forced vibration and resonance (simple treatment)

You should be able to:

• identify different types of motion
• solve numerical problems on collinear motion
• identify force as the cause of motion; push and pull as forms of force
• identify electric and magnetic attraction and gravitational pull as field forces
• differentiate between speed, velocity and acceleration
• deduce equations of uniformly accelerated motion
• solve problems of motion under gravity
• interpret distance-time and velocity-time graphs
• compute instantaneous velocity and acceleration
• establish expressions for range, maximum height and time of flight of projectiles, rockets and missiles
• solve problems involving projectile motion
• solve numerical problems involving impulse and momentum
• interpret the area under a force-time graph
• interpret Newton's laws of motion
• compare inertia, mass and force
• deduce the relationship between mass and acceleration
• interpret the law of conservation of linear momentum and its application
• establish expressions for angular velocity, angular acceleration and centripetal force
• solve numerical problems involving motion in a circle
• establish the relationship between period and frequency
• analyse the energy changes during S.H.M.
• identify types of forced vibration
• enumerate applications of resonance

5. Gravitational field (SS 1-3)

• Newton's law of universal gravitation
• gravitational potential
• conservative and non-conservative fields
• acceleration due to gravity
• variation of g on the earth's surface
• distinction between mass and weight; escape velocity
• parking orbit and weightlessness

You should be able to:

• identify the expression for gravitational force between two bodies
• apply Newton's law of universal gravitation
• give examples of conservative and non-conservative fields
• deduce the expression for gravitational field potential
• identify the causes of variation of g on the earth's surface
• differentiate between mass and weight
• determine escape velocity

6. Equilibrium of forces (SS 1-3)

• equilibrium of particles: coplanar forces; triangle and polygon of forces; Lami's theorem
• principles of moments: moment of a force; moment of a couple (torque); applications
• conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies under parallel and non-parallel forces: resolution and composition of forces; resultant and equilibrant
• centre of gravity and stability: stable, unstable and neutral equilibria

You should be able to:

• apply the conditions for equilibrium of coplanar forces to solve problems
• use triangle and polygon laws of forces to solve equilibrium problems
• use Lami's theorem to solve problems
• analyse the principle of moments
• determine the moment of a force and of a couple
• describe applications of moment of a force and couple
• apply the conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies to solve problems
• resolve forces into two perpendicular directions
• determine the resultant and equilibrant of forces
• differentiate between stable, unstable and neutral equilibria

7. Friction (SS 1-3)

• static and dynamic friction
• coefficient of limiting friction and its determination
• advantages and disadvantages of friction
• reduction of friction
• qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity
• Stokes' law

You should be able to:

• differentiate between static and dynamic friction
• determine the coefficient of limiting friction
• compare the advantages and disadvantages of friction
• suggest ways of reducing friction
• analyse factors that affect viscosity and terminal velocity
• apply Stokes' law

8. Work, energy and power (SS 1-3)

• definition of work, energy and power; forms of energy; conservation of energy; transformation between forms; area under the force-distance curve
• energy and society: sources; renewable and non-renewable energy (e.g. coal, crude oil, sun, wind); uses; energy and development; diversification; environmental impact (global warming, greenhouse effect, spillage); energy crises; conversion; devices used in energy production
• dams and energy production: location of dams; energy production
• nuclear energy
• solar energy: photoelectric effect; solar collector; solar panel for energy supply

You should be able to:

• differentiate between work, energy and power
• compare forms of energy with examples
• apply the principle of conservation of energy
• examine transformations between forms of energy
• interpret the area under the force-distance curve
• solve numerical problems in work, energy and power
• itemize the sources of energy
• distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy with examples
• identify methods of energy transition
• explain the importance of energy in the development of society
• analyse the effect of energy use on the environment
• identify energy sources that are environmentally friendly or hazardous
• identify energy uses in the immediate environment
• suggest ways of safe energy use
• state different forms of energy conversion

9. Simple machines (SS 1-3)

• definition of simple machines
• types of machines
• mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines

You should be able to:

• identify different types of simple machines
• solve problems involving simple machines

10. Elasticity (SS 1-3)

• Hooke's law and Young's modulus
• elastic limit, yield point, breaking point
• the spring balance as a device for measuring force
• work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings

You should be able to:

• interpret force-extension curves
• interpret Hooke's law and Young's modulus of a material
• use a spring balance to measure force
• determine the work done in springs and elastic strings

11. Pressure (SS 1-3)

• atmospheric pressure: definition; S.I. unit (Pa); measurement; simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometer; variation with height; barometer as an altimeter
• pressure in liquids: relationship between pressure, depth and density (P = ρgh); transmission of pressure (Pascal's principle); applications

You should be able to:

• recognize the S.I. unit of pressure (Pa)
• identify pressure-measuring instruments
• relate the variation of pressure to height
• use a barometer as an altimeter
• determine the relationship between pressure, depth and density
• apply the principle of transmission of pressure in liquids to solve problems

12. Liquids at rest (SS 1-3)

• determination of density of solids and liquids
• definition of relative density
• upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
• Archimedes' principle and law of floatation; applications, e.g. ships and hydrometers

You should be able to:

• distinguish between density and relative density
• determine the upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid
• apply Archimedes' principle and the law of floatation to solve problems

13. Temperature and its measurement (SS 1-3)

• concept of temperature
• thermometric properties
• calibration of thermometers
• temperature scales: Celsius and Kelvin
• types of thermometers
• conversion from one temperature scale to another

You should be able to:

• identify thermometric properties of materials used in thermometers
• calibrate thermometers
• differentiate between temperature scales, e.g. Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin
• compare the types of thermometers
• convert from one temperature scale to another

14. Quantity of heat (SS 1-3)

• heat as a form of energy
• heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
• determination of heat capacity and specific heat capacity by simple methods, e.g. method of mixtures, electrical method and Newton's law of cooling

You should be able to:

• differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity
• determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity using simple methods
• solve numerical problems

15. Change of state (SS 1-3)

• latent heat
• specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
• melting, evaporation and boiling
• influence of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
• application in appliances

You should be able to:

• differentiate between latent heat and specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization
• differentiate between melting, evaporation and boiling
• examine the effects of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting points
• solve numerical problems

16. Thermal expansion (SS 1-3)

• solids: linear, area and volume expansivities and their determination; effects and applications (e.g. expansion in building strips and railway lines); relationship between expansivities
• liquids: volume expansivity; real and apparent expansivities; determination of volume expansivity; anomalous expansion of water

You should be able to:

• determine linear and volume expansivities
• assess the effects and applications of thermal expansivities
• determine the relationship between different expansivities
• determine volume, apparent and real expansivities of liquids
• analyse the anomalous expansion of water

17. Gas laws (SS 1-3)

• Boyle's law (isothermal process)
• Charles' law (isobaric process)
• pressure law (volumetric process)
• absolute zero of temperature
• general gas equation (PV/T = constant)
• ideal gas equation (PV = nRT)
• Van der Waals gas

You should be able to:

• interpret the gas laws
• use expressions of these laws to solve numerical problems
• interpret the Van der Waals equation for one mole of a real gas

18. Vapours (SS 1-3)

• unsaturated and saturated vapours
• relationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P.) and boiling
• determination of S.V.P. by the barometer tube method
• formation of dew, mist, fog, cloud and rain
• dew point, humidity and relative humidity
• hygrometry: estimating atmospheric humidity with wet and dry bulb hygrometers

You should be able to:

• distinguish between saturated and unsaturated vapours
• relate saturated vapour pressure to boiling point
• determine S.V.P. by the barometer tube method
• differentiate between dew point, humidity and relative humidity
• estimate the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers
• solve numerical problems

19. Structure of matter and kinetic theory (SS 1-3)

• molecular nature of matter: atoms and molecules; molecular theory explaining Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angles of contact; law of definite proportion; examples and applications
• kinetic theory: assumptions; explaining gas pressure, Boyle's law, Charles' law, melting, boiling, vaporization, change in temperature, evaporation

You should be able to:

• differentiate between atoms and molecules
• use molecular theory to explain Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angle of contact
• examine the assumptions of kinetic theory
• interpret kinetic theory in explaining gas pressure, the gas laws and changes of state

20. Heat transfer (SS 1-3)

• conduction, convection and radiation
• temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
• effect of the nature of a surface on energy radiated and absorbed
• conductivities of common materials
• the thermos (vacuum) flask
• land and sea breeze
• combustion engines

You should be able to:

• differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation
• solve problems on temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux
• assess the effect of the nature of a surface on energy radiated and absorbed
• compare the conductivities of common materials
• relate the component parts of the thermos flask to its working
• differentiate between land and sea breeze
• analyse the principles of internal combustion engines, jet engines and rockets
• state the advantages and disadvantages of electric engines over combustion engines

21. Waves (SS 1-3)

• production and propagation: wave motion; vibrating systems as sources; waves as energy transfer; particle versus wave motion; V = fλ; phase difference, wave number and wave vector; progressive wave equation
• classification: mechanical and electromagnetic; longitudinal and transverse; stationary and progressive; waves from springs, ropes, stretched strings and the ripple tank
• characteristics: reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization; superposition (interference); beats; Doppler effect (qualitative only)

You should be able to:

• interpret wave motion
• identify vibrating systems as sources of waves
• use waves as a mode of energy transfer
• distinguish between particle motion and wave motion
• relate frequency and wavelength to wave velocity
• determine phase difference, wave number and wave vector
• use the progressive wave equation to compute basic wave parameters
• differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
• differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves
• distinguish between stationary and progressive waves
• indicate examples of waves generated from springs, ropes, stretched strings and the ripple tank
• differentiate between reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization
• analyse the principle of superposition of waves
• solve numerical problems on waves
• explain beats, beat frequency and uses
• explain the Doppler effect of sound and its application

22. Propagation of sound waves (SS 1-3)

• necessity for a material medium
• speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
• reflection of sound: echoes, reverberation and their applications
• advantages and disadvantages of echoes and reverberations

You should be able to:

• determine the need for a material medium in the propagation of sound
• compare the speed of sound in solids, liquids and air
• relate the effects of temperature and pressure to the speed of sound in air
• solve problems on echoes, reverberation and speed of sound
• compare the advantages and disadvantages of echoes

23. Characteristics of sound waves (SS 1-3)

• noise and musical notes
• quality, pitch, intensity and loudness and their application to musical instruments
• harmonics and overtones produced by vibrating strings and air columns (f0 = (1/2L)√(T/m))
• acoustic examples of resonance
• frequency of a note from air columns in closed and open pipes in relation to their lengths

You should be able to:

• differentiate between noise and musical notes
• analyse quality, pitch, intensity and loudness of sound notes
• evaluate their application in the construction of musical instruments
• identify overtones from vibrating strings and air columns
• itemize acoustical examples of resonance
• determine the frequencies of notes emitted by air columns in open and closed pipes in relation to their lengths

24. Light energy (SS 1-3)

• sources of light: natural and artificial; luminous and non-luminous objects
• propagation of light: speed, frequency and wavelength; formation of shadows and eclipses; the pin-hole camera

You should be able to:

• compare natural and artificial sources of light
• differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects
• relate the speed, frequency and wavelength of light
• interpret the formation of shadows and eclipses
• solve problems using the principle of the pin-hole camera

25. Reflection of light at plane and curved surfaces (SS 1-3)

• laws of reflection
• application of reflection of light
• formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors; ray diagrams
• the mirror formula (1/f = 1/u + 1/v)
• linear and angular magnification

You should be able to:

• interpret the laws of reflection
• illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors
• apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems
• determine the linear magnification
• apply the laws of reflection to the periscope, kaleidoscope and sextant

26. Refraction of light through plane and curved surfaces (SS 1-3)

• laws of refraction; explanation in terms of velocity of light in the media
• refractive index; determination for glass and liquid using Snell's law
• real and apparent depth; lateral displacement
• critical angle and total internal reflection
• glass prism: minimum deviation formula
• types of lenses
• lens formula (1/f = 1/u + 1/v) and Newton's formula (f² = ab)
• magnification

You should be able to:

• interpret the laws of refraction
• determine the refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell's law
• determine the focal length of curved surfaces
• determine refractive index using real and apparent depth
• determine the conditions for total internal reflection
• examine the use of periscope, prism, binoculars and optical fibre
• apply total internal reflection to the formation of mirage
• use the lens formula and ray diagrams to solve optical problems
• determine the magnification of an image
• calculate the refractive index of a glass prism using the minimum deviation formula
• trace rays through an optical prism

27. Optical instruments (SS 1-3)

• general principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye (physiological details of the eye not required)
• power of a lens
• angular magnification
• near and far points
• sight defects and their corrections

You should be able to:

• apply the principles of optical instruments to solve problems
• distinguish between the human eye and the camera
• calculate the power of a lens
• evaluate the angular magnification of optical instruments
• determine the near and far points
• detect sight defects and their corrections

28. Dispersion of light, colours and the electromagnetic spectrum (SS 1-3)

• dispersion of white light by a triangular prism
• production of a pure spectrum
• colour mixing by addition and subtraction
• colour of objects and colour filters
• rainbow and its formation
• electromagnetic spectrum: sources and uses of the various types of radiation

You should be able to:

• identify primary colours and obtain secondary colours by mixing
• explain the formation of a rainbow
• deduce why objects have colours
• analyse colours using colour filters
• analyse the electromagnetic spectrum in relation to wavelengths, sources, detection and uses
• define monochromatic light

29. Electrostatics (SS 1-3)

• positive and negative charges in matter
• charging a body by friction, contact and induction
• electroscope
• Coulomb's inverse square law; electric field and potential
• electric field intensity, potential and potential difference
• electric discharge and lightning

You should be able to:

• identify charges
• examine uses of an electroscope
• apply Coulomb's inverse square law to solve problems
• deduce expressions for electric field intensity and potential difference
• identify electric field flux patterns of isolated and interacting charges
• analyse the distribution of charges on a conductor and its use in lightning conductors
• charge a body by friction, induction and contact

30. Capacitors (SS 1-3)

• types and functions of capacitors
• parallel plate capacitors
• capacitance of a capacitor
• relationship between capacitance, plate area, separation and medium (C = εA/d)
• capacitors in series and parallel
• energy stored in a capacitor

You should be able to:

• determine uses of capacitors
• analyse parallel plate capacitors
• determine the capacitance of a capacitor
• analyse the factors that affect capacitance
• solve problems involving arrangements of capacitors
• determine the energy stored in capacitors

31. Electric cells (SS 1-3)

• simple voltaic cell and its defects
• Daniell cell, Leclanché cell (wet and dry)
• lead-acid accumulator, nickel-iron (NiFe), lithium-ion and mercury-cadmium
• maintenance of cells and batteries (detailed chemistry not required)
• arrangement of cells
• efficiency of a cell

You should be able to:

• identify the defects of the simple voltaic cell and their correction
• compare different types of cells, including the solar cell
• compare the advantages of lead-acid and nickel-iron accumulators
• solve problems involving series and parallel combinations of cells

32. Current electricity (SS 1-3)

• electromotive force (emf), potential difference, current, internal resistance and lost volt
• Ohm's law, resistivity and conductivity
• measurement of resistance; metre bridge
• resistance in series and parallel and their combination
• potentiometer method of measuring emf, current and internal resistance
• electrical networks

You should be able to:

• differentiate between emf, p.d., current and internal resistance
• apply Ohm's law to solve problems
• use a metre bridge to calculate resistance
• compute effective resistance of series and parallel arrangements
• determine the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor
• measure emf, current and internal resistance of a cell using the potentiometer
• identify the advantages of the potentiometer
• apply Kirchhoff's laws in electrical networks

33. Electrical energy and power (SS 1-3)

• electrical energy and power
• commercial unit of electric energy and power
• electric power transmission
• heating effects of electric current
• electrical wiring of houses
• use of fuses

You should be able to:

• apply expressions for electrical energy and power to solve problems
• analyse how power is transmitted from the power station to the consumer
• identify the heating effects of current and their uses
• identify the advantages of parallel over series arrangement
• determine the fuse rating

34. Magnets and magnetic fields (SS 1-3)

• natural and artificial magnets
• magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
• methods of making magnets and demagnetization
• concept of magnetic field; field of a permanent magnet
• magnetic field round a straight current-carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid
• earth's magnetic field: poles, magnetic meridian, angle of dip and declination
• flux and flux density
• variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth's surface
• applications: navigation and mineral exploration

You should be able to:

• give examples of natural and artificial magnets
• differentiate between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel
• identify methods of making and demagnetizing magnets
• describe how to keep a magnet from losing its magnetism
• determine the flux pattern of an isolated magnet and of two magnets placed pole to pole
• determine the flux of a current-carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid, including solenoid polarity
• determine the flux pattern of a magnet placed in the earth's field
• identify the magnetic elements of the earth's flux
• determine the variation of the earth's magnetic field over its surface
• examine the applications of the earth's magnetic field

35. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (SS 1-3)

• force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (quantitative)
• force on a charge moving in a magnetic field
• the d.c. motor
• electromagnets
• carbon microphone
• moving coil and moving iron instruments
• conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeters using shunts and multipliers
• sensitivity of a galvanometer

You should be able to:

• determine the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor using Fleming's left-hand rule
• interpret attractive and repulsive forces between parallel current-carrying conductors
• relate force, field strength, velocity and angle of entry of a moving charge
• interpret the working of the d.c. motor
• analyse the principle of electromagnets and give examples of applications
• compare moving iron and moving coil instruments
• convert a galvanometer into an ammeter or voltmeter
• identify factors affecting the sensitivity of a galvanometer

36. Electromagnetic induction (SS 1-3)

• Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
• Lenz's law as an illustration of conservation of energy
• factors affecting induced emf
• a.c. and d.c. generators
• transformers
• the induction coil
• inductance: explanation, unit, energy stored (E = ½LI²), applications
• eddy currents: reduction, applications and effects

You should be able to:

• interpret the laws of electromagnetic induction
• identify factors affecting induced emf
• recognize how Lenz's law illustrates conservation of energy
• interpret the set-up of a.c. generators
• identify types of transformer and examine their principles of operation
• assess the functions of an induction coil
• interpret inductance and recognize its units
• calculate effective inductance in series and parallel
• deduce the expression for energy stored in an inductor
• examine the applications of inductors
• describe how eddy current losses can be reduced
• determine ways eddy currents can be used

37. Simple a.c. circuits (SS 1-3)

• a.c. current and voltage
• peak and r.m.s. values
• a.c. source connected to a resistor, a capacitor (capacitive reactance) and an inductor (inductive reactance)
• R-L-C circuits
• vector diagram, phase angle and power factor
• resistance and impedance
• effective voltage in R-L-C circuits
• resonance and resonant frequency (f0 = 1/(2π√LC))

You should be able to:

• identify a.c. current and voltage
• differentiate between peak and r.m.s. values
• determine the phase difference between current and voltage
• interpret R-L-C circuits
• analyse vector diagrams
• calculate effective voltage, reactance and impedance
• recognize the condition for resonance
• determine the resonant frequency of an R-L-C arrangement
• determine instantaneous power, average power and power factor in a.c. circuits

38. Conduction of electricity through liquids and gases (SS 1-3)

• liquids: electrolytes and non-electrolytes; electrolysis; Faraday's laws; applications (e.g. electroplating, calibration of ammeter)
• gases: discharge through gases (qualitative only); applications

You should be able to:

• distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
• analyse the processes of electrolysis
• apply Faraday's laws of electrolysis to solve problems
• analyse discharge through gases
• determine applications of conduction of electricity through gases

39. Elementary modern physics (SS 1-3)

• Bohr's theory, Rutherford's theory and radioactivity
• models of the atom and their limitations
• elementary structure of the atom
• energy levels and spectra
• thermionic and photoelectric emissions; Einstein's equation and stopping potential; applications
• simple production of X-rays
• properties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rays
• half-life and decay constant
• production of energy by fusion and fission
• binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation (ΔE = Δmc²)
• wave-particle duality; electron diffraction
• the uncertainty principle

You should be able to:

• identify the models of the atom and state their limitations
• describe the elementary structure of the atom
• differentiate between energy levels and spectra of atoms
• compare thermionic and photoelectric emission
• apply Einstein's equation to photoelectric problems
• calculate the stopping potential
• relate applications of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects
• interpret the production of X-rays and identify their properties and applications
• analyse elementary radioactivity
• distinguish between stable and unstable nuclei
• identify isotopes of an element
• compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays
• relate half-life and decay constant
• determine binding energy, mass defect and Einstein's energy equation
• analyse wave-particle duality
• solve numerical problems on the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality

40. Introductory electronics (SS 1-3)

• distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary band gap)
• intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors (n-type and p-type)
• uses of diodes in rectification and transistors in amplification
• elementary knowledge of diodes and transistors

You should be able to:

• differentiate between conductors, semiconductors and insulators
• distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
• distinguish between electron and hole carriers
• analyse diodes and transistors
• relate diodes to rectification and transistors to amplification

41. Introduction to fibre optics and lasers (SS 1-3)

• fibre optics
• lasers

You should be able to:

• explain the concept of fibre optics
• explain the principle of transmission of light through an optical fibre
• apply fibre optics in local area networks (LAN), medicine, etc.
• explain the meaning of laser
• describe the types of lasers (solid state, gas, liquid, semiconductor)
• apply lasers in scientific research, communication, medicine, military technology, holograms, etc.
• identify the dangers involved in using lasers

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